JAPAN TOHOKO EARTHQUAKE

JAPAN TOHOKO EARTHQUAKE

JAPAN EARTHQUAKE 2011 literally in wikipedia called “The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami” was a 9.0-magnitude megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (local time) on Friday 11 March 2011, followed by a severely destructive tsunami. Epicenter was 130 km of the east coast Peninsula Tohoku near Sendai (wikipedia.com).



Tectonic Summary
Occurred as thrust faulting on or near the subduction zone interface plate boundary between the Pacific and North America plates. The Pacific plate thrusts underneath Japan at the Japan Trench, and dips to the west beneath Eurasia.This thrust faulting associated with subduction along this plate boundary (Jorge en, 2011). Acording to Ross Stein : Blok 400 km length, vertically thrusting 0.6 m, while Pacific Plate moved 20 meters until 40 m to Westward with 100km width. One of the biggest faulting connected to Earthquake.

Scientific data about the earthquake, from USGS

Pic Sources USGS

11/03/11 5:46:23

Epicenter: 38.321 142.369

MW 8.9

USGS/WPHASE CENTROID MOMENT TENSOR

11/03/11 05:46:23.00

Centroid: 37.321 141.769

Depth 24 No. of sta: 89

Moment Tensor; Scale 10**22 Nm

Mrr= 1.16 Mtt= 0.18

Mpp=-1.34 Mrt= 1.33

Mrp= 2.17 Mtp=-0.10

Principal axes:

T Val= 2.88 Plg=55 Azm=313

N = -0.08 11 205

P = -2.79 32 108

Best Double Couple:Mo=2.8*10**22

NP1:Strike=162 Dip=17 Slip= 45

NP2: 28 78 102

Sources : http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/#details



Date 14:46:23, 11 March 2011 (+09:00)
Duration 6 minutes Magnitude 9.0 MW Depth 32 km (19.9 mi)
Epicenter location :
38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E/38.322°N 142.369°E

(Tsunami).
Total damage Flooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents Peak ground acceleration 2.99 g (vector sum)
Tsunami Yes
Landslides Yes
Foreshocks 7+ (4+ above 6.0 MW)
Aftershocks 656+ (44+ above 6.0 MW)
Casualties: 8,928 deaths, 2,628 injured, 12,664 people missing (all figures preliminary)

Library Sources:

Jorge en “Honshu earthquake and tsunami in Japan, 8.9 Mw “ at http://www.structuralgeology.org/2011/03/honshu-earthquakein-japan-89-mw.html

Wikipedia

BGS at http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/highlights/earthquakes/honshuMarch2011.html

USGS



Video :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=LU_QTr5-eTU
BGS marine geologist Prof Dave Tappin interviewed by BGS minerals geologist Clive Mitchell.
They discuss what conditions are necessary for a tsunami to occur,
how far it may travel and what size the wave height may reach.



http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=7Ij-EW7EBuI
BGS seismologist Dr Brian Baptie compares recent earthquakes from Haiti 2010 (7.1),
Christchurch, New Zealand 2011 (6.3) and Honshu, Japan (9.0).




http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I4M6OX16Yco
Dr David Kerridge, BGS, explains how they recorded the recent earthquakes in Japan.
The seismic waves take about 10-12 minutes to arrive at our
Edinburgh-based seismometers from their source off the coast of Japan.


Link Pictures before and after tsunami :
http://www.abc.net.au/news/events/japan-quake-2011/beforeafter.htm

Indonesia from Bali "World Geothermal Congress" (April 25th-30th 2010)

Indonesia from Bali "World Geothermal Congress" (April 25^th-30^th 2010)

The Fourth World Geothermal Congress in Bali as an opportunity for the world to know Indonesian Policy on the price of Indonesia’s geothermal electricity (Indonesian was represented by INAGA or The Indonesian Geothermal Association). The five days congress attended by 2500 delegates from 80 countries included Iceland which 95% energy suplly for this country from Geothermal. Indonesia is the fourth position in the world of Geothermal after Philippines, USA and Mexico (in Producer of geothermal energy mix right now the highest held by Iceland.The Indonesian regulation form from Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources no. 32 dated December 4^th 2009. At this Congress Indonesia launched 3997 Mw from 10.000 Mw (phase II) in 44 new areas which are planned to be all operated at 2014.

The Potentials of Geothermal Energy in Indonesia are about 27.000 Mw (about 40 percent of world potentials) but the development of geothermal power plant only reach 4 percent from Indonesian potentials.

Government of Indonesian it self has been serious in developing this part. Many number of regulation has issued :

• Law no. 27 of 2003
• Government Regulation no.59 2007
• Presidential Regulation no.5 of 2006
• Standart price issue EMR Minister regulation no.14 of 2008 and no.5 of 2009

In fact the development of 3977 Mw project will need US$ 13 Billion investation fund. The geothermal at least US$90 per ton if geothermal wants to compete with coal.

The Benefit of geothermal resources for Indonesia are :

1. 40 % of Geothermal of the world in Indonesia (WGC sources)
2. Free form oil/fossil energy price fluctuation.
3. Weather, transportation and loading station doesnot have many effect in the geothermal operation.
4. It doesnot need vast land area.
5. Hight dependable.
6. Hight efficient.
7. Environtment friendly.
8. Renewable energy.
9. Conservation of fossil fuel.
10. Closed Mining.
11. Friendly with forest.

In Lampung Geothermal Projects as Power Plant has been exploited in Rajabasa (2x110 Mw) and Ulubelu 3&4 (2x55 Mw). The Geothermal work area to be tender at 2010 in Gn. Rajabasa South Lampung about 91 Mw (in 19520 Ha) and Suoh Skincau West Lampung about 230 Mw (in 33333 Ha). In Indonesia the biggest reserve possible for tender status, Dec 09 is on Liki Pinangawan Muaralaboh (South Solok) about 400 Mw in 62300 Ha (in Phase II by PT. Supreme energy). Last Indonesia target in 2025 is to prodece 9500 Mw Geothermal electricity.

Buying Price of Geothermal Electricity 110 Mw Capacity
Price/asumption sources	PLN	API	JICA research
COD price (US$sen/Kwh)	7.6	9.7	11.9
assumption Succes ratio	80/50	80/50	80/50
exploration steam capacity	12.5	12	8
contract time	30 years	30 years	30 years
Total cost per Mw	2.1 MMs	2.9 MMS	30 MMS
ned capacity	90%	90%	90%
IRR Project	12%	16%	17%
Esculator clause Compnent	25%	25%	Constan

Sources:

EMR Ministry of Indonesia (ESDM).

Nation electricity Company (PLN).

API

PT. Pertamina Geothermal energy

World Geothermal Congress 2010

intermezzo LUNA MAYA, EARTH GAS SOLVED MANY ENVIROMENTAL PROBLEM

(translated as the original text from Selebrigas article in Gas News Magazine Majalah Berita Gas, PT PGN Tbk. November-Desember Edition, 2009)

Luna Maya, Gas Bumi Memecahkan Persoalan Lingkungan
(dikutip sebagaimana aslinya artikel SELEBRIGAS dari Majalah Berita Gas, PT PGN Tbk. Edisi November-Desember, 2009)

For this advertising model star, the meaning of New-year (2009-2010) she did not spend in glamour party but by imagined how to achieve better achievement in the next year.
As a celebrity, this beauty girl which born on august 26th 1983 right now in top level career.

Even in tired condition and very sleepy, Luna still acted as professional. When in front of the camera, her face sinny and ready to action. “what ever my body condition, work time must be a work time,” said this 174 cm body tall and weight about 54 kg.

Conversating about dream target, being the woman which is famous by her creation is the biggest dream of Luna this time. To achieve her dream, she has a big plan in behind the screen.

“I’ve began to think what I want to do next year, if I can not exist in entertainment, people still want to know Luna trough my creation". One of it probably work behind the screen. Hopely it can be realizing next year.

When she told about her child age story, she took silent for a while. This condition acceptable because she lost her father when she was 12 years old. Lost her hero character, put little Luna became strength kid. When she has a problem, she intend to solve it by herself. Because of Her strength and brave, she went to Jakarta at 16 years old, participated in a teenage magazine cover competition.

“”Live dependselfable creates a strength character and thought in every condition. If I can not defend my self and responsible, who will do it? I’ve try not to become a load for my family, event I can not release myconnection from them. The point is I must success and try still dependselfable in my life,” said this Denpasar girl.


When asked about Earth Gas as an alternative energy, Luna wished the earth gas consumption can reduce any environmental problem, such as glass house effect problem, acid rain, smog, solid contaminant, and water pollution. According to Luna, earth gas become an important of energy resources from other energy resources. It causing earth gas become an important fuel for electricity generator., and basically earth gas produce electricity with competitive price, said Luna when she ended the conversation.

The East African Rift

The East African Rift

African is one of continent which has been rifting apart until now. Each mean like asingle layer this plate had begun breaking apart since it formed after Gondwana Land. The Rift appears on East, Specifically North East side at this Continent. It formed by a normal fault cracking the east side and made a basin at the beginning. This happening until this present day which modern geologist can record data and studyng this fenomenon.The Geologist are still debating and argue about how this rifting happen. The study about this Rifting and the tectonic forces in this area can be found in James Wood and Alex Guth study in Kenya, and Furman et.al 2004 about System (EARS) Plume Structure: Insights from Quaternary Mafic Lavas of Turkana, Kenya. The two new Continent by Geologist was named Somalian Plate(Little continent) and The Large one called Nubian Plate. This Plates moveaway each other.

The African Rift System

The system of this rifting still debating today, but this Description from James Wood study about this system :

1. The Old Afar (Ethopian Rift)

2. the West Albertian Rift (including East African Great Lake)

3. Eastern called Kenya Rift (first study in early 1900)

4. Long : ±1000 Km

5. (This system including Red Sea Gulf and aden Extension)

6. Fenomenon shown: Graben (like pyramide chair form because of fault), Small Structure shears and extencion.

Even the model of this area rifting are still debated, but the popular model can be described as :

1. Elevated Heat Flow from Mantle (From Astenosphere) is causing two thermal bulges in this north area of the system.

2. when bulges formed, they began stretch and faracture the outer brittle crust t a series normal fault (shown by graben and horst structure in the valley).

3. Three Fracture shown an angular separation about 190º (called triple junction).

The Picture of Rifting from Satelite and Seismic Activity (left)

(information from University of Leicester). Further information available from
‘Crustal and upper mantle structure of the Kenya Rift’ Tectonophysics
Volume 236, Issues 1-4, Pages 1-483 (30 September 1994).

(pict from Doug. Finleyson 2009)

Picture of Rifting (Tasa Graphic arts 1984)

Picture of P-wave velocities within the Earth's crust and upper mantle along an East-West profile across the Kenya rift (Maguire P.K.H., et.al 994)

The seismic model is approximating an elevation difference about 400m, the thickness of the crust at both ends of the profile is approximately the same at about 34km below sea level. A regional gradient needs to be added to the gravity field calculated from the seismic model to agree with the observed (Maguire P.K.H. et.al 1994). This regional is consistent with Ebinger et al.'s (1989).

The Seismic Interpretation in this rifting in Kenya rift from Maguiare et.al 1994 were:

1. The correlation between seismic velocities in the upper crust and different Precambrian (Archaean and Pan-African Mozambique orogenic belt) crustal packages identified along the profile.
2. A thickening of the crust beneath both margins of the rift.
3. The apparent symmetry in crustal thinning mirroring the surface distribution of Tertiary volcanics and sediments, suggesting a pure shear mechanism of crustal extension.
4. The presence of a wide, anomalously low-velocity (7.6–7.8km s-1) body at the base of the crust identified along the axial line and which it has been argued must include partial melt. This may be continuous with a deep low-velocity zone beneath the rift previously identified from the study of teleseismic residuals.
5. The presence of an intra-mantle reflector at a depth of approximately 55 km beneath the western margin of the rift.

"Textbook" horst and graben formation (left) compared with actual rift terrain (upper right) and topography (lower right). Notice how the width taken up by the trapezoidal areas undergoing normal faulting and horst and graben formation increases from top to bottom in the left panel. Rifts are considered extensional features (continental plates are pulling apart) and so often display this type of structure. (sources Geologi.com 2010)

East African rift by Nasa

Commont interest in this rift

Ethiopian and Kenya Rifts:

1. the Eastern and Western branches were developed by the same processes

2. but very different characters:

3. The Eastern Branch : by greater volcanic activity

4. Western Branch : by deeper basins that contain large lakes and lots of sediment.

5. basalt eruptions and active crevice formation shown at the Ethiopian Rift which directly from formation of ocean basins on land. The East African Rift System is an excellent

field laboratory in study a modern actively developing rift system today.

6. some link evolution for paleontology acure in this area because of rifting, surely inviting many Paleontology to study in this place.

http://geology.com/articles/east-africa-rift/figure4-400.jpg

Source Geology.com

The Geothermal Potential of East African from East African Rifting

(Source MC Kritt 1982)

Review by Harlin Pasili ansori 2010

Reference :

Geology.com “East Africa Rift Article” by James wood and Alex Guth 2010

Doug Finlayson 2004, Crustal Architecture of the East African Rift System

P. K. H. Maguire, C. J. Swain, R. Masotti and M. A. Khan
(from Tectonophysics, 1994, vol. 236, pages 217-249)A crustal and uppermost mantle cross-sectional model of the Kenya Rift derived from seismic and gravity data

L. W. Braile, B. Wang, C. R. Daudt, G. R. Keller and J. P. Patel
(from Tectonophysics, 1994, vol. 236, pages 217-249), Modelling the 2-D seismic velocity structure across the Kenya rift

Kenya TANYA FURMAN1,*, JULIA G. BRYCE2, JEFFREY KARSON3 and ANNAMARIA IOTTI4 a 2004East African Rift System (EARS) Plume Structure: Insights from Quaternary Mafic Lavas of Turkana,

http://blue.utb.edu/paullgj/physci1417/Lectures/Plate_Tectonics.html

San Andreas Fault

بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ

SAN ANDREAS FAULT

San Andreas Fault has Crossing California about 1100 Long. The Fault is a boundary of North American and Pacific Lithosferic Fault. This Fault is the longest fault in this area.The west side plate moves to the north direction , and causing earthquakes when it moved. It has brought many different sets of rocks to face each other across the fault trace. The forces associated with the fault causing mountains orogenesa (push up land becomed a Mountain) in some places and stretched apart large basins in others side (see Pic. 1).

Pic. 1 Movement Force of Fault (Illustrated by Harlin P. Ansori)

The first Professor who detected this fault is Andrew Lawson. He named the fault same as the name of South California Area (Pic 2 Map and Landsat of The Area Source Sanandreasfault.org).

Pic 2 Map and Landsat of The Area Source Sanandreasfault.org 2010

About San Andreas Fault in wikipedia :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault

About San Andreas Fault :

http://www.sanandreasfault.or

Link to Areal Picture (Source Sanandreasfault.org)

Interactive Google Earth map of the entire San Andreas fault
Some of Dave Lynch's pictures in the Carrizo Plain
Thule Scientific's picture page with many

SAF and related clickable geology pictures with links to explanations on EPOD
Ramon Arrowsmith's vast collection of aerial photographs, and not just the SAF.
Google Earth compatible lidar images (kmz) of the southern SAF.
NASA's Earth Observatory images from space
Professor Sylvester's Salton Trough (and more) pictures
Low altitude aerial pictures of the entire fault between the Carrizo Plain and the Choice Valley
Low altitude aerial pictures of the entire fault between the lake of the Woods (I-5) and Cajon Pass (I-15)
Pictures where the SAF intersects the coastline

Pic. 3 San Andreas Fault (Source Sanandreasfault.org 2010)

One of many God Message about This Earh Fenomena for our source to read:

وَجَعَلْنَا فِي الْأَرْضِ رَوَاسِيَ أَن تَمِيدَ بِهِمْ وَجَعَلْنَا فِيهَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا لَعَلَّهُمْ يَهْتَدُونَ

(الْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ surah 21 Al-Anbiya, Ayah 31)

(translation mean to english) :

I Create Earth with Strong Mountains with them, so This Whole Earth moves with them. And I Create many wide lines so they (human) can read their direction/guidance.

( Source: God The Al-Mighty Allah, in Qoran Al-Hakeem letter number 21 in verses 31)

Refrerences:

Al-Qoran Al Hakeem الْقُرْآنِ الْحَكِيمِ

Geology.com 2010

Sanandreasfault.org 2010

Wikipedia 2010.com

David K Lynch, Field Guide to San Andreas Fault, 2010.

NASA Radar Provides 3-D View of San Andreas Fault

source : Nature Chanel7 at youtube.com

What is Geology?

What is Geology? - What Does a Geologist Do?

Geology Definition


Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them.
Some of them include material organism which have inhabited our planet.
The important to study in geology must followed the latest news about this teory of geology science because the study of structures, materials, processes, organisme, materials, and tectonics have changed over time following the developing of the electronical instrumental for collecting earth data (which mean hitech-instumental) and hitech modeling researches in laboratory.

Geologist Works

A Geologists learns and researchs to understand the history of our planet Earth (Geo). The better they can understand Earth’s history the better they can foresee how events and processes of the past might influence the future (The past is the key to the future Earth). In word in geologic law “The Present is the key to the past” .Here are some examples:

Geologists study earth processes: Many processes such as orogeneis (mountain forming process such collision and subduction which put up plate higher and form mountain row), landslides (land movement), earthquakes, floods and volcanic eruptions can be hazardous and harm people.
Geologists try to understand these processes well enough to avoid building important structures where they might be damaged including classifying zone of disaster to make amap guide of disaster zone. It will help many City and Area Planning for the future.

Geologists study earth materials: earth materials are used by people every day. They use oil , metals from mines, and water from underground. Geologists studies to locate rocks that contain important metals, plan the mines that produce them and Which methods more economic in used to remove the metals from the rocks. Of course this work including how to locate and produce oil, natural gas and ground water.

Geologists study earth history:

Study Earth History to learn and form a perfect teory of many schene structure which present shows us. Ofcourse the teory must proved with hight technology modeling to learned and proved the teory of the geology history. Many model such as real miniature modeling (including scalar component) and digital 3d modeling with data parameter helps to form the global of earth history, which is formed by many geology regional phenomenon.
Today geologist are concerned about climate change. Many geologists are working to learn about the past climates of earth and how they have changed across time which is connected with the earth outer core movement. This information is valuable to understand how our current climate is changing and what the results might be.

Geology as a Career:


To be a Geologist is a very interesting and rewarding career. Of course need four year training tobe a four-year college degree in geology. Pre-college students who are interested in becoming geologists should take a full curriculum of college preparatory courses, especially those in math, science, and writing. Courses related to computers, geography and communication are also valuable knowledge to be collected.
There are variety work and project need geologist, include: government planning agencies, natural resource companies, environmental consulting companies, government resources administration, non-profit organizations, and universities. For Geologists do a field work only part of the time after field the data and sample will be processed in laboratories, classrooms or offices. All geologists reports, do calculations, technic modeling and use computers.

Although a bachelor's degree is required for entry level employment,
many geologists earn master's and/or doctorate degrees to take a speciallity in geology science.A higher level of training, often in a geology specialty area such as paleontology, mineralogy, hydrology or volcanology. Advanced degrees will often qualify to be the geologist for supervisory positions, research assignments or teaching positions at the university level.

opportunities for geologists are very good if they are willing to move to a location where work is available.

Salary of Geologist


In Present day, Salary of geologist have recently ranged from $50,000 to $100,000 per year according to their experiences.

You Become a Geologist


If you are a pre-college student who’s willing to become a geologist, can prepare to become a geologist by doing well in all of your courses. Especially earth science and training is important, but other disciplines such as math, writing, language are used by every geologist during they everyday work.

Get in touch with the geology department, let them know you are interested and make arrangements to visit the campus. Don't be hesitant. Good schools and professors want to be contacted by interested students.

One of Oldest Geology Campus in Indonesia is Geology Departement in ITB (Institute Technology of Bandung / Bandung Institute of Technology) in Bandung City, West Java . The Study Geology Facilities in Bandung such as library, room laboratory, computer laboratory, studio, nature/field laboratory, equipment facility, and include one Indonesian museum of geology. . With Indonesia Island arc as they laboratory, probably you’ll become the next Indonesian International Expert Geologist.


Harlin Pasili Ansori

Sources :
Itb.ac.id or departemen Tehnik geologi ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung)
geology.com
discovery chanel



video sources Geological Society of America

click to :
OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL EVENTS OF GEOLOGIST